Sources are physical locations. Each Source represents a real place stock sits, a warehouse, a retail location, a third-party fulfillment center, with its own address and its own quantity per product.
Stocks group Sources and connect to sales channels. A Stock is a collection of Sources assigned a priority order, and each website in your Magento instance is assigned to exactly one Stock, which is how Magento decides where a given storefront's inventory actually comes from.
Reservations prevent overselling during checkout. Instead of decrementing the real quantity the instant an order is placed, Magento creates a Reservation record that reduces the salable quantity shown to shoppers immediately, then reconciles it against the actual Source quantity afterward, which keeps checkout fast under load without overselling.
The Source Selection Algorithm decides fulfillment. Open Source ships with one algorithm, Priority, which fills an order from the highest-priority Source with enough stock. Adobe Commerce adds a Distance Priority algorithm that can factor in how close a Source is to the shipping address.