The API exposes full create, read, update, and delete access to deals, contacts, organizations, products, and activities, plus custom fields you've added to any of them. Pipedrive publishes official libraries in several languages and a straightforward REST interface underneath, which is why Python and PHP both show up as real, recurring searches alongside the API itself: plenty of teams build directly against it rather than going through a middleman tool.
Authentication runs through either a personal API token (quick to set up, fine for a single-user script) or OAuth2 (the right call for an app that needs to act on behalf of multiple Pipedrive users). Webhooks let an external system hear about a deal update or a new activity the moment it happens, instead of polling the API on a schedule to check for changes.